Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines
JNTUH R25 – ME305PC
UNIT–I: Fluid Statics
1. Dimensions and Units
- Dimensions and units
- Physical properties of fluids
- Specific gravity
- Viscosity
- Surface tension
- Vapour pressure
- Effect of vapour pressure on fluid motion
2. Pressure Measurement
- Atmospheric pressure
- Gauge pressure
- Vacuum pressure
- Measurement of pressure
- Piezometer
- U-tube manometer
- Differential manometer
Important numerical areas:
- Pressure head calculations
- Manometer problems
- Pressure variation in static fluids
- Viscosity and surface-tension related problems
UNIT–II: Fluid Kinematics and Fluid Dynamics
A. Fluid Kinematics
- Streamline
- Path line
- Streak line
- Stream tube
- Classification of fluid flows:
- Steady and unsteady flow
- Uniform and non-uniform flow
- Laminar and turbulent flow
- Rotational and irrotational flow
- Equation of continuity
- Continuity equation for:
- One-dimensional flow
- Three-dimensional flow
B. Fluid Dynamics
- Surface forces
- Body forces
- Euler’s equation
- Bernoulli’s equation
- Bernoulli’s equation along a streamline
- Momentum equation
- Application of momentum equation
- Force exerted by flowing fluid on pipe bends
Important numerical areas:
- Continuity equation
- Bernoulli’s equation
- Pressure/velocity/head calculations
- Force on pipe bends
- Momentum equation problems
UNIT–III: Boundary Layer & Flow Through Pipes
A. Boundary Layer Concepts
- Definition of boundary layer
- Boundary-layer thickness
- Characteristics of boundary layer along a thin plate
- Laminar boundary layer
- Turbulent boundary layer
- Transition region
- Boundary-layer separation
- Flow over submerged objects
- Drag
- Lift
Note: The R25 syllabus specifically states no derivation for laminar and turbulent boundary layers. (JNTU Hyderabad)
B. Closed-Conduit Flow
- Reynolds experiment
- Darcy-Weisbach equation
- Major/minor losses in pipes
- Pipes in series
- Pipes in parallel
- Total Energy Line (TEL)
- Hydraulic Gradient Line (HGL)
C. Measurement of Flow
- Pitot tube
- Venturimeter
- Orifice meter
- Flow nozzle
Important numerical areas:
- Reynolds number
- Pipe friction
- Head losses
- Pipes in series and parallel
- Venturimeter
- Orifice meter
- Pitot tube
UNIT–IV: Turbo Machinery & Hydraulic Turbines
A. Basics of Turbo Machinery
Impact of Jets
- Hydrodynamic force of jets
- Stationary vanes
- Moving vanes
- Flat vanes
- Inclined vanes
- Curved vanes
- Jet striking centrally
- Jet striking at the tip
- Velocity diagrams
- Work done
- Efficiency
- Flow over radial vanes
B. Hydraulic Turbines
Classification
- Classification of turbines
- Heads and efficiencies
- Impulse turbines
- Reaction turbines
Pelton Wheel
- Construction
- Working principle
- Velocity triangles
- Work done
- Efficiency
- Hydraulic design
Francis Turbine
- Construction
- Working principle
- Work done
- Efficiency
- Hydraulic design
Kaplan Turbine
- Construction
- Working principle
- Work done
- Efficiency
- Hydraulic design
C. Draft Tube
- Draft tube theory
- Functions of draft tube
- Draft tube efficiency
D. Performance of Hydraulic Turbines
- Geometric similarity
- Unit quantities
- Specific quantities
- Characteristic curves
- Governing of turbines
- Selection of appropriate turbine
- Cavitation
- Surge tank
- Water hammer
Important numerical areas:
- Jet impact
- Velocity triangles
- Pelton turbine
- Francis turbine
- Kaplan turbine
- Turbine efficiencies
- Unit quantities
- Specific speed
- Draft-tube calculations
UNIT–V: Pumps
A. Centrifugal Pumps
- Classification
- Construction and working
- Work done
- Barometric head
- Losses
- Efficiencies
- Specific speed
- Performance characteristic curves
- NPSH — Net Positive Suction Head
B. Reciprocating Pumps
- Construction and working
- Discharge
- Slip
- Indicator diagrams
Important numerical areas:
- Centrifugal pump work
- Manometric/barometric head
- Pump efficiencies
- Specific speed
- Pump characteristic curves
- NPSH
- Reciprocating pump discharge
- Slip
- Indicator diagrams
JNTUH R25 Course Objectives
The curriculum specifically aims to enable students to:
- Understand the basic principles of fluid mechanics.
- Identify different types of fluid flows.
- Understand boundary-layer concepts and flow through pipes.
- Evaluate the performance of hydraulic turbines.
- Understand the functioning and characteristic curves of pumps. (JNTU Hyderabad)
Expected Learning Outcomes
After completing the subject, a student should be able to:
- Explain the effect of fluid properties on flow systems.
- Identify different flow patterns.
- Apply the continuity equation.
- Analyze practical fluid-flow and measurement devices.
- Apply Fluid Mechanics principles to engineering design problems.
- Select an appropriate hydraulic turbine for a given application.
- Analyze centrifugal and reciprocating pump performance.
- Understand boundary-layer concepts. (JNTU Hyderabad)
Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines Laboratory
JNTUH R25 also specifies a separate ME309PC: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines Lab, with 0–0–2–1 structure. The laboratory includes experiments on Venturimeter, Orifice meter, pipe friction, losses due to sudden contraction, Bernoulli’s theorem, impact of jets, Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines, and centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. (JNTU Hyderabad)
TECH TALENTS
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